|
A Turkish carpet is a knotted, pile-woven floor or wall covering which is produced mainly in Anatolia and neighbouring areas, for home use, local sale, and export. Along with flat-woven kilim, Turkish carpets form an essential part of Turkish culture. Carpet weaving represents a traditional art, dating back to pre-Islamic times. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has integrated different cultural traditions. Traces of Byzantine design can be detected, Turkic peoples migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia, brought with them their traditional designs. The arrival of Islam and the development of the Islamic art also influenced Turkish carpet design. The history of its designs, motifs and ornaments thus reflects the political and ethnic history and diversity of the area of Asia minor. However, scientific attempts were unsuccessful, as yet, to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic, regional, or even nomadic versus village tradition. When political contacts and trade became more intense between Western Europe and the Islamic world after the 12th century AD, also woven carpets became known in Europe. As direct trade was initially established between Europe and the Ottoman Empire, all kinds of carpets became known in Europe by the trade name of "Turkish" carpets, regardless of their actual provenience.〔 When Western European art historians developed a scientific interest in "oriental" carpets in the late 19th century, the richness and cultural diversity of the carpet designs was better understood. Within the group of oriental carpets, the Turkish carpet is distinguished by particular characteristics of dyes and colours, designs, textures and techniques. Usually made of wool and cotton, Turkish carpets are tied with the "Turkish", or symmetrical knot. Examples range in size from pillow (''yastik'') to large, room-sized carpets. The earliest known examples for Turkish carpets date from the thirteenth century. Distinct types of carpets have been woven ever since in workshops, in more provincial weaving facilities, as well as in villages, tribal settlements, or by nomads. Carpets were simultaneously produced for these different levels of society, with varying materials like sheep wool and cotton. No silk piled carpets made in Turkey have been found that were before 1870. Not till the early 20th century were silk pile carpets knotted in Turkey using silver and gold threads with patterns based upon 16th century Imperial Safavid Iranian carpets. Turkish carpets are regarded as objects of art in their country of origin, but also in the Western world. In Europe, Turkish carpets appear in Renaissance paintings, providing a context of prestige and dignity which is still understood today.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2919279.ece )〕 Since the late nineteenth century, Turkish and oriental carpets have been subject to art historic and scientific interest in the Western world. More recently, also flat woven carpets (Kilim, Soumak, Cicim, Zili) have attracted collectors' and scientists' interest.〔(The historical importance of rug and carpet weaving in Anatolia ). Turkishculture.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.〕 In the late twentieth century, projects started to revive the traditional art of Turkish carpet weaving by using hand-spun, naturally-dyed wool and traditional designs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.tcfdatu.org/en/home/ )〕 ==History== Woven carpets were likely produced first in geographical regions where climatic conditions require protection against the weather, by nomadic peoples who lived on the floors of tents, whose belongings had to be easily transportable. The raw material to produce carpets had to be readily available during the migration. Sheep and goats provided the wool, natural dye could be derived from plants and minerals. As such, woven tissues could serve both utilitarian and decorative purposes, depending on the shape and size in which they were produced. The beginning of carpet weaving remains unknown, as carpets are subject to use, deterioration, and destruction by insects and rodents. Controversy arose over the accuracy of the claim〔(Oriental Rug Review, August/September 1990 (Vol. 10, No. 6) )〕 that the oldest records of flat woven kilims come from the Çatalhöyük excavations, dated to circa 7000 BC.〔(Çatalhöyük.com: Ancient Civilization and Excavation ). Catalhoyuk.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.〕 The excavators' report〔(Ancient Kilim Evidence Findings in Çatalhöyük ). Turkishculture.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.〕 remained unconfirmed, as the wall paintings depicting kilim motifs disintegrated shortly after their exposure. The oldest known hand knotted rug is the "Pazyryk carpet", dated back to the 5th century BC. It was preserved frozen in ice, and discovered in the late 1940s by the Russian archeologist Sergei Rudenko and his team. The carpet was part of the grave gifts found in Scythian burial mounds of the Pazyryk area in the Altai Mountains of Siberia, near the tri-border area of modern day Russia, Mongolia and China.〔(The State Hermitage Museum: The Pazyryk Carpet ). Hermitagemuseum.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.〕 The provenience of the Pazyryk carpet is under debate,〔(The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art: The debate on the origin of rugs and carpets ). Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2015-07-07.〕 but its fine weaving in symmetric knots and elaborate pictorial design hint at an advanced state of the art of carpet weaving at the time of its production. The history of the Turkish carpet must be understood in the context of the country's political and social history. Anatolia was home to ancient civilizations, such as the Hittites, the Phrygians, the Assyrians, the Ancient Persians, the Armenians, the Ancient Greeks, and the Byzantine Empire. The city of Byzantium was founded in the seventh century BC by the Greek, and rebuilt as a Roman city in 303 AD by the Roman emperor Constantine I. Carpet weaving was probably known already in Anatolia during this time, but no carpets exist today which can be dated back to this time. In 1071 AD, the Seljuq Alp Arslan defeated the Roman Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at Manzikert. This is regarded as the beginning of the ascendancy of the Seljuq Turks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkish carpet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|